Speeding up JSON encoding in PyPy

Expectations are high

A lot of performance critical stuff in Python world is already written in a hand optimized C. Writing C (especially when you interface with CPython C API) is ugly and takes significant effort. This approach does not scale well when there is a lot of code to be written or when there is a very tight coupling between the part to be rewritten and the rest of the code. Still, people would expect PyPy to be better at "tasks" and not precisely at running equivalent code, hence a comparison between the C extension and the pure python version is sound. Fortunately it's possible to outperform the C extension, but requires a bit of effort on the programmer side as well.

Often interface between the C and Python part is ugly

This is very clear if you look at json module as implemented in CPython's standard library. Not everything is in C (it would probably be just too much effort) and the interface to what is in C is guided via profiling not by what kind of interface makes sense. This especially is evident comparing CPython 2.6 to 2.7. Just adapting the code to an interface with C made the Python version slower. Removing this clutter improves the readability a lot and improves PyPy's version a bit, although I don't have hard numbers.

JitViewer is crucial

In case you're fighting with PyPy's performance, jitviewer is worth a shot. While it's not completely trivial to understand what's going on, it'll definitely show you what kind of loops got compiled and how.

No nice and fast way to build strings in Python

PyPy has a custom thing called __pypy__.builders.StringBuilder. It has a few a features that make it much easier to optimize than other ways like str.join() or cStringIO.

• You can specify the start size, which helps a lot if you can even provide a rough estimate on the size of the string (less copying)
• Only append and build are allowed. While the string is being built you can't seek or do anything else. After it's built you can never append any more.
• Unicode version available as well as __pypy__.builders.UnicodeBuilder.

Method calls are ok, immutable globals are ok

PyPy's JIT seems to be good enough for at least the simple cases. Calling methods for common infrastructure or loading globals (instead of rebinding as locals) is fast enough and improves code readability.

String copying is expensive

Edit: see the comment at the end

If you use re.sub, the current implementation will always create a copy of the string even if there was no match to replace. If you know your regexp is simple, first try to check if there is anything to replace. This is a pretty hard optimization to do automatically -- simply matching the regular expression can be too costly for it to make sense. In our particular example however, the regexp is really simple, checking ranges of characters. It also seems that this is by far the fastest way to escape characters as of now.

Generators are slower than they should be

I changed the entire thing to simply call builder.append instead of yielding to the main loop where it would be gathered. This is kind of a PyPy bug that using generators extensively is slower, but a bit hard to fix. Especially in cases where there is relatively little data being passed around (few bytes), it makes sense to gather it first. If I were to implement an efficient version of iterencode, I would probably handle chunks of predetermined size, about 1000 bytes instead of yielding data every few bytes.

I must admit I worked around PyPy's performance bug

For obscure (although eventually fixable) reasons, this:

for c in s: # s is string
  del c

is faster than:

for c in s:
  pass

This is a PyPy performance bug and should be fixed, but on a different branch ;-)

PyPy's JIT is good

I was pretty surprised, but the JIT actually did make stuff work nicely. The changes that were done were relatively minor and straightforward, once the module was cleaned to the normal "pythonic" state. It is worth noting that it's possible to write code in Python and make it run really fast, but you have to be a bit careful. Again, jitviewer is your friend when determining why things are slow. I hope we can write more tools in the future that would more automatically guide people through potential performance pitfals.

Cheers, fijal

Edit: I was wrong about re.sub. It just seems to be that the JIT is figuring match better than sub, will be fixed soon